• 0 Posts
  • 36 Comments
Joined 3 years ago
cake
Cake day: June 14th, 2023

help-circle



  • The situation in the US is a bit different though because the US has been doing this for over a hundred years and only turned around “recently” (in my lifetime, in particular via NALA in 1990 for native American languages). The US famously went as far as kidnapping native American children, and the path to any kind of protection has been a long struggle that people still remember. Non-native languages also were systematically eradicated (e.g. famously German after WWII).

    At the same time the Civil Rights Act requiring equal access is still interpreted to mean that everybody needs to learn English, state laws still require grading within an English based framework, etc. As a result Americans who grew up in the US can generally speak English, and most people probably consider that a good thing too because in theory it means young Americans are not blocked from climbing the social ladder on grounds of their language.

    In contrast, China has 20-30% of Chinese born in China who can’t speak standard Mandarin. There are large differences between more urban and more rural areas. For example, in Shanghai virtually everybody speaks Mandarin and nowadays it has more speakers there than Shanghainese has. But e.g. in Kashgar in the Uyghur AR, around 50% can’t speak Mandarin at all.

    In the US you basically have to go to Puerto Rico (which is less integrated than a Chinese AR, e.g. with no voting rights in US elections) to get anything close to that, and even there English is mandatory in schools. Otherwise, Hawaii is the only actual state with two official languages, but Hawaii has very high English proficiency regardless. The same goes for other areas where some other language than English is dominant - the US has areas with >90% Spanish as a first language outside Puerto Rico too, but people there generally also speak English.

    So basically if we’re judging these laws by US standards we’re looking at it a bit differently than it looks from a Chinese POV because the US has previously already put significant effort in suppressing languages other than English, which we still remember, and as a result there also is no problem of children of minorities not speaking English and thereby not being able to work and live in most of the US. For the US it would be a regression, but for China it’s also progress in terms of integration and equal rights.




  • Japan has been doing cashless forever. Most local/regional transport operators use IC cards. The tech is Sony’s FeliCa and the major ones are compatible nationwide. It’s also built into modern smartphones, although it’s only generally available on phones sold in Japan except for iPhone, where all models worldwide support it. If you’re on iPhone, even as a tourist you can just create a virtual card in Apple’s Wallet app and charge through Apple’s payment service.

    JR East’s card is called Suica and exists since 2001. It covers basically anything in the Greater Tokyo area where they operate, not only their own stuff (trains, metro, subway, trams, the airport monorail, buses, some ferries, …), and can be used for payment at many shops, vending machines, restaurants, and even some parks and such. Billing for transport is generally simply by shortest distance. E.g. riding the Yamanote ring line one stop in one direction costs the same as going all the way around the ring in the other direction.

    Shinkansen (bullet trains) don’t use the cards for payment, but you can link online ticket purchases to them and then you buy cashless online and only tap in and out for the Shinkansen too.

    Recently some train operators have started supporting credit cards too, so for some trains you can just tap a credit card at the ticket gates.