Not agreeing or disagreeing, but just a note that the alternstive to exchanges is peer to peer trading of cash/crypto where two individuals agree to swap. Obviously a lot more tedious and hard to do that, but with the right tools and mass adoption it could be feesible.

If the government wants to ban crypto all together though, i doubt any solution could exist.

Their (collective shout) open letter to these companies has a headline like “you are profiting from exploitation” basically, but worse. I guess the card networks were thinking about their stock price or something when they made the decision.